Key Takeaways

1. Goose simplifies database migrations with support for SQL and Go-based migrations.
2. It supports multiple databases and allows embedding migrations in Go binaries.
3. Provides essential migration commands like up, down, status, and version.

Goose is a database migration tool designed to help manage your database schema by creating incremental SQL changes or Go functions. It offers both a command-line interface (CLI) and a library, making it versatile for various use cases.

Features

• Multi-Database Support: Goose works with various databases, including Postgres, MySQL, SQLite, YDB, ClickHouse, MSSQL, Vertica, and more.

• Go Migrations: Supports migrations written as plain Go functions, allowing for complex migrations that can't be expressed in SQL alone.

• Embedded Migrations: Allows embedding migrations within your Go binaries, facilitating distribution and deployment.

• Out-of-Order Migrations: Supports applying migrations that were missed or applied out of sequence.

• Seeding Data: Enables seeding of initial or test data into the database.

• Environment Variable Substitution: Allows the use of environment variables within SQL migrations for dynamic configurations.

Installation

To install the Goose CLI, run:

go install github.com/pressly/goose/v3/cmd/goose@latest

This command installs the goose binary to your $GOPATH/bin directory.

For macOS users, Goose is also available as a Homebrew formula:

brew install goose

If you require a smaller binary, you can build a lite version by excluding unnecessary drivers:

go build -tags='no_postgres no_mysql no_sqlite3 no_ydb' -o goose ./cmd/goose

Available build tags include: no_clickhouse, no_libsql, no_mssql, no_mysql, no_postgres, no_sqlite3, no_vertica, and no_ydb.

Usage

Goose provides several commands to manage your database schema:

• Create a New Migration:

  To create a new SQL migration:

  goose create AddSomeColumns sql

This command generates a new SQL migration file with a timestamped prefix.

To create a new Go migration:

goose create AddSomeColumns go

This command generates a new Go migration file with the appropriate boilerplate code.

• Apply Migrations:

  To migrate the database to the most recent version available:

  goose up

This command applies all available migrations.

• Rollback Migrations:

  To roll back a single migration from the current version:

  goose down

This command rolls back the most recently applied migration.

• Migration Status:

  To print the status of all migrations:

  goose status

This command displays which migrations have been applied and which are pending.

• Current Version:

  To print the current version of the database:

  goose version

This command outputs the current migration version of the database.

Writing Migrations

Goose supports migrations written in SQL or Go.

• SQL Migrations:

  A sample SQL migration looks like:

  -- +goose Up
  CREATE TABLE post (
      id INT NOT NULL,
      title TEXT,
      body TEXT,
      PRIMARY KEY(id)
  );
  
  -- +goose Down
  DROP TABLE post;

The annotations -- +goose Up and -- +goose Down denote the statements to be executed for migrating up and down, respectively.

• Go Migrations:

  A sample Go migration looks like:

  package main
  
  import (
      "database/sql"
      "fmt"
  )
  
  func Up_20130106222315(txn *sql.Tx) {
      fmt.Println("Hello from migration 20130106222315 Up!")
  }
  
  func Down_20130106222315(txn *sql.Tx) {
      fmt.Println("Hello from migration 20130106222315 Down!")
  }

The functions Up_20130106222315 and Down_20130106222315 define the behavior of the migration for applying and rolling back, respectively.

Conclusion

Goose is a powerful and flexible tool for managing database migrations in Go applications. Its support for multiple databases, both SQL and Go migrations, and features like embedded migrations and out-of-order migrations make it a valuable asset for developers looking to maintain and evolve their database schemas effectively.

For more detailed information and advanced configurations, refer to the Goose GitHub repository and the official documentation.

FAQs

What databases does Goose support?

Goose works with Postgres, MySQL, SQLite, MSSQL, ClickHouse, YDB, and more.

How do I create a new SQL migration using Goose?

Use the command goose create <MigrationName> sql to generate a migration file.

Can Goose handle Go-based migrations instead of SQL?

Yes, Goose supports migrations written in Go functions for complex changes.

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