Key Takeaways

1. The fmt package in Go provides flexible formatting for strings, numbers, and data types.
2. Format specifiers like %s, %d, and %f control the formatting of various data types.
3. Width, precision, and alignment options allow for customized output formatting.

Golang, commonly known as Go, provides a powerful and flexible way to format strings through its fmt package. This package offers various functions that allow developers to format strings, numbers, and other data types in a readable and customizable manner.

Basic String Formatting

The fmt package's Sprintf function is commonly used to format strings. It takes a format specifier and corresponding values, returning the formatted string:

package main

import (
    "fmt"
)

func main() {
    name := "Alice"
    age := 30
    formattedString := fmt.Sprintf("Name: %s, Age: %d", name, age)
    fmt.Println(formattedString)
}

Output:

Name: Alice, Age: 30

In this example:

• %s is a placeholder for a string.
• %d is a placeholder for an integer.

Common Format Specifiers

Here are some frequently used format specifiers in Go:

• %v: Default format for the value.
• %#v: Go-syntax representation of the value.
• %T: Type of the value.
• %%: A literal percent sign.

For integers:

• %b: Binary representation.
• %c: Character corresponding to the Unicode code point.
• %d: Decimal representation.
• %o: Octal representation.
• %x: Hexadecimal representation (with letters in lowercase).
• %X: Hexadecimal representation (with letters in uppercase).

For floating-point and complex numbers:

• %e: Scientific notation (e.g., 1.23e+03).
• %f: Decimal point but no exponent (e.g., 123.456).
• %g: Uses %e or %f based on the value's precision.

Width and Precision

You can control the width and precision of the formatted output. For example:

package main

import (
    "fmt"
)

func main() {
    pi := 3.141592653589793
    formattedPi := fmt.Sprintf("%.2f", pi)
    fmt.Println(formattedPi)
}

Output:

3.14

Here, %.2f formats the floating-point number to two decimal places.

Padding and Alignment

Golang allows padding and aligning numbers and strings:

• %6d: Pads the integer with spaces to ensure it's at least 6 characters wide.
• %-6d: Left-aligns the integer within the 6-character width.
• %06d: Pads the integer with zeros to ensure it's at least 6 characters wide.

Example:

package main

import (
    "fmt"
)

func main() {
    number := 42
    fmt.Printf("%6d\n", number)  // Right-aligned with spaces
    fmt.Printf("%-6d\n", number) // Left-aligned
    fmt.Printf("%06d\n", number) // Zero-padded
}

Output:

    42
42    
000042

Formatting Strings

For strings, you can specify the width and alignment:

• %10s: Right-aligns the string within a 10-character width.
• %-10s: Left-aligns the string within a 10-character width.

Example:

package main

import (
    "fmt"
)

func main() {
    str := "Go"
    fmt.Printf("%10s\n", str)  // Right-aligned
    fmt.Printf("%-10s\n", str) // Left-aligned
}

Output:

        Go
Go        

Conclusion

Golang's fmt package provides a comprehensive set of tools for formatting strings, numbers, and other data types. By mastering format specifiers, width, precision, and alignment options, developers can produce clear and well-structured output tailored to their specific needs.

FAQs

What is the purpose of the %v format specifier in Go?

%v prints the default format for any value.

How can I format a float to two decimal places in Go?

Use %.2f to format the float with two decimal places.

How do I pad an integer with zeros to a width of 6?

Use %06d to format the integer with zero-padding.

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